This story was originally published July 18, 2024. It was updated on July 26 following announcements by FWP and Yellowstone National Park about additional restrictions.
Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks has implemented fishing restrictions on 13 western Montana rivers that are exceeding temperature thresholds following an underwhelming snowpack and a heat spell last week that broke records in some parts of the state.
The list includes both low-flow rivers that see hoot owl restrictions more years than not, such as the Big Hole, Beaverhead and Jefferson rivers, and other, higher-volume rivers that typically hold onto enough water to stay open for afternoon angling later into the summer. These rivers include the Bitterroot, Clark Fork and Gallatin.
Per the “hoot owl” restrictions, fishing is prohibited after 2 p.m. Some rivers, such as the Big Hole and Bitterroot, are closed along their entire length, while other closures apply to specified segments.
Pat Saffel, Region 2 fisheries manager for FWP, told Montana Free Press that precipitation in May and cooler temperatures in June gave western Montana rivers a couple of weeks of reprieve, but “now that the rain has stopped, we’re dropping fast.”
“Now we’re paying the price of not having the snow,” he said.
Saffel said he’s particularly worried about the Blackfoot River, which typically escapes hoot owl restrictions even as they’re enacted in nearby rivers. Not this year, though: FWP put the Blackfoot’s lower stretch into hoot owl restrictions on July 11. Per the U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge near Bonner, the Blackfoot is flowing at 575 cubic feet per second on Thursday, a third of its typical rate.
Unfortunately, conditions aren’t likely to improve in the coming days, according to Missoula-based National Weather Service meteorologist Jeff Kitsmiller.
Kitsmiller said that the same high-pressure system that brought record-setting high temperatures to Missoula last week is likely to stay through the weekend. NWS models are calling for above-normal temperatures and below-average precipitation into early August.
“This is definitely going to continue to [cause] problems with warming water and low streamflows,” Kitsmiller said.
Citing low stream flows and water temperatures above 68 degrees, Yellowstone National Park also announced last week that three rivers inside the park boundary — the Madison, Firehole and Gibbon — and their tributaries will be closed to angling for the foreseeable future. The park also noted in a July 12 press release that additional closures may be necessary for other rivers in the park.
ADAPTING TO A CHANGING CLIMATE
Michael Downey, drought program coordinator with the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, said he’s bracing for a widening and deepening of the drought that’s pinching water resources in western Montana. Downey said it’s likely that the Blackfoot River basin will transition from severe drought to extreme drought before the summer ends.
“We’re seeing these much longer periods between big storms. Then we’ll get big storms, and it will be dry, dry, dry,” Downey said. “I do think that will have ramifications for what [crops] we’re going to grow and, ultimately, what our landscape looks like.”
This season is falling into a larger climate change-driven pattern of extremes that former Fish and Wildlife Commissioner Pat Byorth said he’s been seeing more and more — rivers experiencing higher, earlier runoffs that last for a shorter period. Montana’s famed trout struggle to keep cool when a truncated runoff is followed by a string of hot, dry weeks, said Byorth, Trout Unlimited’s Montana water director.
RELATED
Trout in trouble
Anglers come to Montana in droves for the abundant wild trout. But this summer’s rising temps, dropping flows and declining brown trout populations could harbor clues about the future of the state’s celebrated cold-water fisheries.
Declining trout population in southwest Montana prompts research and advocacy push
Save Wild Trout members are hopeful that a nimble, privately funded effort will help state biologists determine what’s driving down trout populations. The group says parts of the Big Hole River, an iconic fly-fishing destination, are suffering historically low counts for rainbow and brown trout.
Indigenous experiences headline third day of Held v. Montana trial
Sariel Sandoval, a member of the Bitterroot Salish, Upper Pend d’Oreille, and Diné Tribes and one of 16 youth plaintiffs suing the state of Montana over its contributions to climate change, testified Wednesday that changes to Montana’s environment directly impact her tribal identity. “The way we identify ourselves as Salish people, sqelixw, the root word translates to ‘flesh and land,’” Sandoval said. “That really shows the importance in our role as human beings and our connection to the land and the natural environment.”
“During stressful times, [fish] could seek out nooks and crannies of groundwater upwelling to help them get through that period, [but] as the hot time goes on longer, it’s harder for them to eke out a survival,” Byorth said. “It used to just be a week or two, and they’d adapt. They’d find refuge in tributary streams or move up to cooler water.”
What’s harder for them, he said, is enduring six weeks of high temperatures, which can wreak havoc on their metabolism and cause their cells to malfunction.
“They may survive, but even if they survive, they go into winter, the other really hard season for them, in much poorer shape,” Byorth said.
Byorth said that’s one reason it’s important to restore and protect features that will support cold-water fisheries, particularly given the outlook for Montana’s cold-water fisheries, which is troubling. That can mean working with water rights holders to keep more water in key tributaries or restoring beaver ponds and wet mountain meadows to bolster summertime streamflows, he said.
The fishing industry is also adapting to more challenging streamflow conditions, according to Fishing Outfitters Association of Montana Executive Director Mike Bias. Fly-fishing guides and their clients are shifting away from afternoon or all-day outings to morning trips during the hottest months of the year, and he’s been encouraging his clients to consider trips in the spring and fall when water temperatures are cooler.
Another measure that can mitigate challenging streamflow conditions is FWP’s use of Murphy Rights, state-held water rights established more than 50 years ago to help 12 of Montana’s blue-ribbon fisheries through lean water years. Rights were established to support specific reaches of iconic rivers such as the Blackfoot, Flathead, Gallatin, Madison, Missouri, Smith and Yellowstone rivers.
Those water rights, named after James E. Murphy, the state lawmaker credited with their creation, aren’t particularly old water rights. That means that asking junior water rights holders to stop their water withdrawals might have little, if any, impact in basins with lots of large, old water rights.
But Bill Schenk, FWP’s Land and Water Program coordinator, said Murphy Rights do have a role to play in the water management discussion.
Late last week, the department used its Murphy Right on the Blackfoot as authorization to mail letters to dozens of junior water rights holders on the river asking them to cease using water. The department won’t make a similar request for domestic water uses, so most of the shift will occur — provided the contacted water rights holders cooperate — in crop irrigation and lawn watering.
Schenk added that he anticipates all 12 of the rivers for which FWP has Murphy Rights will meet the basic flow thresholds this summer that authorize the department to ask more junior water rights holders to cease withdrawals. It’s not a hard-and-fast rule involving streamflows alone, though, Schenk said. The department often decides against requesting other users stop their withdrawals in situations where the Murphy Right is too junior to matter by the time the flow threshold has been triggered, or if dam management complicates the streamflow levels and planning considerations in play.
“There are individual circumstances to look at around each and every source,” Schenk said.
Ultimately a recommendation will be made by personnel within the department — a fisheries biologist and in-stream flow specialist, typically — and forwarded to FWP Director Dustin Temple, who will make the final call.
Shenck said the department is considering using a water reservation, which is similar to a Murphy Right, but with a more junior priority date, for the Big Hole River, which crested at 75 degrees — a critical temperature threshold for trout — on July 9 and is running at about one-third of its normal rate.
